Act of God – As a General Defences under Tort Law

Introduction

An “Act of God” refers to an extraordinary, natural event that is beyond human control and cannot be anticipated or prevented, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, or other severe weather events. Legally, it is used as a defense in cases where harm or damage occurs due to such events, and the responsible party cannot be held liable because the event was unforeseeable and unavoidable. The defense typically applies when the event occurs unexpectedly and exceeds what could be reasonably anticipated, making it impossible for the defendant to prevent or mitigate the consequences.

For the defense to succeed, the event must meet certain criteria, including being an exceptional natural occurrence, and in some cases, it may require that human actions (such as construction or alterations) did not contribute to or exacerbate the situation. Courts often evaluate whether the event was truly extraordinary and whether the defendant could have taken measures to avoid or reduce the harm.

NICOLAS V. MARSLAND – Extraordinary acts of nature

The defendant constructed some ornamental pools. The region experienced unusually heavy rainfall of a magnitude never experienced before. The pools fled causing damage to the claimant’s property. The court held that the defendant should not be liable for the extraordinary acts of nature (act of god) that could not be anticipated.

GREENOCK CORPORATION V. CALEDONIAN RY. – Criticised and revisited Nicolas

The defendants constructed a pool in the bed of a stream changing the natural course of a stream. Heavy rains led to overflowing of the stream at the pool which damaged the claimants’ property. It was alleged that the stream would not have overflown had the pond not been constructed obstructing and changing the course of the stream.

Held that rain cannot be regarded as an Act of God. It was the duty of the defendants to make the claimants secure against any injury which they would not have been prone to had nature not been interfered with. If the course of nature was tampered, it is difficult to prove Act of God.

SLATER V. WORTHINGTON CASH STORES – Proximity of claimant

Claimant, who was driving along a road, skidded on the ice and was severely injured. She alleged that the injury was due to D’s failure to remove the ice which had accumulated on the roof of D’s shop.

The defence of Act of God was not upheld as the action was reasonably foreseeable and was easily preventable by clearing the snow. It was the shopkeeper’s duty

Conclusion

In conclusion, the “Act of God” defense is a legal concept that allows individuals to avoid liability for harm caused by extraordinary natural events. However, its applicability is not always clear-cut. As seen in Nicolas v. Marsland, where the court accepted the defense for an unprecedented rainfall, it may be upheld when the event is truly unforeseeable and beyond human control. In contrast, cases like Greenock Corporation v. Caledonian Ry. and Slater v. Worthington Cash Stores illustrate that the defense may not apply when human actions have altered natural processes or when the event, though severe, is foreseeable and preventable through reasonable measures. Ultimately, whether the defense is successful depends on the specifics of the case, including the nature of the event and the actions (or inactions) of the parties involved.


Mental Incapacity in Contracts – Section 12 of ICA, 1872 – Read!

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NUJS National Disability Law Moot 2025 – India’s 1st Moot on Disability Rights

NUJS National Disability Law Moot 2025 – A Historic Step Toward Inclusive Legal Advocacy

The NUJS National Disability Law Moot 2025 is India’s first national-level moot court competition dedicated solely to the legal rights of persons with disabilities (PwDs). Organized by the prestigious West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences (WBNUJS), Kolkata, this competition sets a new precedent in legal education by focusing exclusively on disability law.

With a history of hosting top-tier events such as the NUJS-HSF Moot, ADR Mediation Competition, and Para-Invicta, NUJS continues its tradition of promoting inclusivity and justice with this pioneering initiative.

What Is the NUJS National Disability Law Moot 2025 About?

This moot is designed to:

  • Encourage legal scholarship in disability law
  • Highlight critical themes like workplace discrimination, inclusive education, and accessibility
  • Create a national platform for future legal professionals to explore and argue real-world issues under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016

The competition includes:

  • Memorial Qualification Round
  • Offline Oral Rounds at the WBNUJS campus in Kolkata
  • Researcher’s Test for qualifying teams

Key Dates and Deadlines

EventDate
Registration OpensMay 30, 2025
Clarification DeadlineJune 25, 2025
Registration ClosesJune 30, 2025
Memorial SubmissionJuly 12, 2025
Oral Round ShortlistJuly 21, 2025
Oral Rounds at WBNUJSAugust 21–24, 2025

Eligibility & Team Composition

  • Open to undergraduate law students in any Indian university
  • 2 to 3 members per team
  • Cross-college teams allowed
  • No cap on the number of teams per institution
  • Postgraduate students are not eligible

Awards & Recognition

The NUJS National Disability Law Moot 2025 offers extensive awards, including:

  • Winning, Runners-Up & Second Runners-Up Teams
  • Best Advocate (Prelims and Overall)
  • Best Memorials (Petitioner & Respondent)
  • Best Researcher & Runner-Up
  • Certificates for Semi- and Quarter-Finalists
  • Participation certificates for all teams

Registration Fees & Optional Accommodation

  • Memo Round Fee: ₹2,500/team
    • ₹2,100 for teams with at least one PwD participant
  • Oral Round Fee (for shortlisted teams): ₹2,000
  • Accommodation (optional): ₹5,500/team (August 21–24)

Payment Details:

  • Account Name: Student Juridical Association
  • Account No: 520101246976299
  • IFSC Code: UBIN0906638
  • Bank: Union Bank, NUJS Branch, Salt Lake, Kolkata

Registration Process

  1. Fill the official Google Form: https://forms.gle/sZHKXriWTy4EEfGL8
  2. Email the following to nationaldisabilitymoot@nujs.edu:
    • Names, Years, and Institutions of team members
    • College ID Cards
    • Payment screenshot

Contact Details

  • Email: nationaldisabilitymoot@nujs.edu
  • Chair: Kinjal Das – +91 75959 65675
  • Deputy Chairs:
    • Anushka Maji – +91 86174 78308
    • Saarthak Samadder – +91 94330 48880
  • Board of Directors:
    • Ritika Amlajiya – +91 80943 45186
    • Shubhankar Singha – +91 96797 30493

Final Words

The NUJS National Disability Law Moot 2025 is not just another moot—it’s a platform for change. By promoting awareness of the challenges faced by PwDs through legal debate, WBNUJS is nurturing future lawyers who will lead the way in accessibility and justice.

Don’t miss this opportunity to be part of history. Register today and join us in Kolkata for a groundbreaking legal experience.


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Law Faculty Job at Shankarrao Chavan Law College Pune – Apply by 24 June

If you’re an LL.M. graduate aiming to begin a career in legal education, then the law faculty job at Shankarrao Chavan Law College Pune could be the perfect launchpad. This Teaching Associate position offers the opportunity to work in a vibrant academic setting, contribute to shaping future lawyers, and engage in meaningful legal research and pedagogy.

The college is inviting applications from enthusiastic legal professionals who are passionate about teaching, mentoring, and supporting academic programs. With a strong institutional culture and a student-first philosophy, this is your chance to grow in one of Maharashtra’s most respected law colleges.

About the Institution

Shankarrao Chavan Law College, a constituent of Marathwada Mitra Mandal, has consistently delivered high-quality legal education for decades. Located in Pune—a city known for its academic excellence and legal community—the college nurtures young legal minds through a mix of classroom instruction, moot court activities, legal aid initiatives, and research opportunities.

Known for its commitment to academic rigor, inclusivity, and social responsibility, the college empowers both faculty and students to engage in a transformative legal education experience.

Why This Law Faculty Job at Shankarrao Chavan Law College Pune Stands Out

A law faculty job at Shankarrao Chavan Law College Pune is not just a teaching role—it is a professionally enriching platform that allows you to:

  • Engage in student-centered legal instruction with experienced faculty
  • Build your academic profile through research projects, seminars, and conferences
  • Receive mentorship and guidance from seasoned legal educators
  • Collaborate on curriculum development and legal scholarship
  • Grow professionally in a supportive and structured academic environment

As a Teaching Associate, you will play a crucial part in ensuring the smooth conduct of legal courses while also being encouraged to pursue your own academic and research goals.

Responsibilities of the Teaching Associate

  • Assisting faculty with lecture planning, delivery, and assessments
  • Conducting tutorials and academic workshops
  • Supervising student research projects and internships
  • Helping organize academic events, such as debates, symposiums, and seminars
  • Collaborating with administration to facilitate academic operations
  • Participating in research projects and contributing to institutional publications

This role is designed to prepare you for long-term involvement in legal academia and scholarly contributions.

Who Should Apply for the job?

To qualify for the law faculty job at Shankarrao Chavan Law College Pune, candidates must:

  • Hold an LL.M. degree from a reputed university
  • Demonstrate a keen interest in teaching, mentoring, and academic development
  • Possess strong communication, research, and organizational skills
  • Be comfortable working in a collaborative academic setting
  • Prior classroom or research experience (desirable but not mandatory)

Employment Details

  • Position: Teaching Associate (Law)
  • Institution: Shankarrao Chavan Law College, Pune
  • Type: Full-time / Contractual (as per college norms)
  • Location: On-campus, Pune
  • Deadline to Apply: 24 June 2025

How to Apply for the job

Interested candidates must submit:

  • Their updated resume
  • A concise cover letter outlining their academic background and interest in teaching
  • Email your application to: mmsclc@gmail.com
  • Use the subject line: Application for Teaching Associate

Note: Applications submitted after 24 June 2025 will not be considered.

Final Thoughts

This law faculty job at Shankarrao Chavan Law College Pune is a prime opportunity for young legal scholars looking to make their mark in academia. Whether you’re transitioning from litigation or completing your postgraduate studies, this role offers a nurturing space to grow as an educator and researcher.

By joining a team of passionate faculty and motivated students, you’ll play a vital role in strengthening India’s legal education landscape through collaboration, innovation, and research. If you’re ready to teach, mentor, and shape the future of law, apply now and take your next step in legal academia with purpose and impact.


Also Read – Legal Internship at Mufin Green Finance Limited – Apply Now for Long-Term Role

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